Hitler Took Advantage of Peoples Low Self Esteem :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Hitler Took Advantage of People's Low Self Esteem   After World War I Germany tumbled to an unsurpassed low, monetarily and strategically. The German individuals were jobless, the legislature was down and out and there was an inclination of powerlessness all around. Hitler exploited the German individuals' low confidence and considered it to be a way he could utilize this sentiment of sadness to better himself.   Swelling assumed a tremendous job in Germany's issues. Germany had caused a colossal obligation from World War I. The legislature was under a lot of strain to reimburse the obligation and figured they could understand their situation by printing more cash. A lot of the universal economy laid on the ineffective going of paper from the United States to Germany as credits, from Germany to the Allies as reparations, and from the Allies to the United States as installment of war obligations; and the United States brought taxes up in 1922 and again in 1930 to levels that made it almost inconceivable for Europeans to acquire dollars by offering to Americans.   Individuals from all classes were eager, destitute and jobless. Germany's government assistance framework couldn't deal with the entirety of the individuals requiring help. The couple of soup kitchens accessible had long queues with no expectation of taking care of everybody out of luck. Individuals were dozing on walkways, in back streets or anyplace were they could discover warmth. A German essayist who encountered these conditions himself depicts a day in 1932 after he was permitted an evenings remain at the Berlin city dwelling house...Now the men are remaining in a long column, wearing their plain nightshirts that range to the ground, and the clamor of their rearranging feet resembles the commotion of huge wild creatures strolling here and there the stone floor of their enclosures before taking care of time. The men lean far over the pot with the goal that the warm steam from the food encompasses them and they hold out their dishes as though asking and murmur to the specialist, Give me a genuine making a difference. Give me somewhat more.   Hitler saw an approach to exploit the nations despondency and the individuals' inclination of misery. He realized that the individuals of Germany were searching for any change to escape from their flow lifestyle.

The New Deal :: essays research papers

In 1933 the new president, Franklin Roosevelt, brought a quality of certainty and hopefulness that immediately energized the individuals to the standard of his program, known as the New Deal. "The just thing we need to fear will be dread itself," the president announced in his debut address to the country. Maybe he ought to have said the main thing we need to fear is carelessness. What was genuinely one of a kind about the New Deal was the speed with which it achieved what recently had taken ages. Nonetheless, huge numbers of the changes were made in scurry and pitifully executed. Furthermore, during the New Deal, open rebuke and dispute were rarely hindered or suspended. At the point when Roosevelt made the presidential vow, the banking and credit arrangement of the country was in a condition of breakdown. With astounding pace the country's banks were first shut and afterward revived just on the off chance that they were dissolvable. The organization embraced an arrangement of moderate money swelling to begin an upward development in ware costs and to manage the cost of some alleviation to indebted individuals. New legislative offices carried liberal credit offices to industry and agribusiness. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) safeguarded reserve funds bank stores up to $5,000, and serious guidelines were forced upon the offer of protections on the stock trade. Notwithstanding forceful enactment to corral the bombing bank framework FDR vivaciously assaulted unreasonable strategic approaches. The National Recovery Administration (NRA), built up in 1933 with the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), endeavored to end vicious rivalry by setting codes of reasonable serious practice to create more employments and accordingly additionally purchasing. In spite of the fact that the NRA was invited at first, business griped harshly of over-guideline as recuperation grabbed hold. The NRA was pronounced illegal in 1935. At this point different approaches were cultivating recuperation, and the administration before long took the position that managed costs in specific lines of business were a serious channel on the national economy and a hindrance to recuperation. It was additionally during the New Deal that sorted out work made more prominent increases than at any past time in American history. NIRA had ensured to work the privilege of aggregate bartering (dealing as a unit speaking to singular laborers with industry), while not another idea it was very radical. At that point in 1935 Congress passed the National Labor Relations Act, which characterized out of line work rehearses, gave laborers the option to deal through associations willingly and disallowed managers from meddling with association exercises.

Wonder what an Amtrak station in the middle onowhere looks like

Wonder what an Amtrak station in the middle o’nowhere looks like This was the title of an email I sent to Neha 10 a couple of weeks ago containing, well, pictures of an Amtrak station in the middle o nowhere. Middle o nowhere being Lake City, Florida, where my dad recently moved and where I spent the first week of the new year. As we drove over a set of railroad tracks on the way to his house, he said, And this on your left is the Lake City Amtrak Station. Where? I asked. You missed it? Im sorry, I guess you blinked, then. See, I thought he was joking this is my father were talking about. (Hi, Dad.) I drove back to the tracks a couple of days later; sure enough, there was this: And youve discovered my secret: in addition to spending time at home with my family and playing with my dog, I have been taking pictures of rural train stations for the past three weeks. Its long, hard work, hence my not putting up a new blog post since I left MIT. /sarcasm My nonblogging is apparently reason for you to yell at me. Please dont. Every post I tried to start sounded really, really boring (So Im at home, its warm here, you still have to drive to get anywhere in Florida, Jamba Juice is amazing, my dogs sitting on my left foot) and not in any way related to MIT, except for the fact that my extended visit would not have been possible were it not for the wonder that is IAP. See, my IAP isnt being spent taking a minicourse, going to a country in Africa, or becoming an EMT, even though doing any of those would also have been great. For the most part, Im about to find out just what there is to do in this city. Since the next couple of weeks wont include the pressure of classes and other work looming over me (save for designing the program for MTGs Reefer Madness, which opens next week), the period between now and the start of spring term seems like the perfect time to do this. Ill definitely keep you all posted on what goes on from here on out. But first, a little about home. As was expected of college students back home on break, my friends and I spent too much time hanging out and catching up on each others lives. Even with at least four months of separation, though, it felt like wed never left each other we were merely picking up where wed left off, with the same inside jokes and the same comfort and understanding wed all had before. Its a wonderful thing; whether we were at MIT, University of Michigan, Duke, the Naval Academy, or UF, we still had what wed had before and could relate to each other just as easily, if not more so. On an only slightly related note, I was lucky (?) enough to spend the weekend of the BCS championship game in Gainesville with my friends at UF. There are no words that can possibly describe the insanity I encountered, but the entire experience can be condensed into a long, resounding WOOOOOOO!!!!!!!!!!!!shiftone1!. 41-14. Enough said. The bulk of my time, though, was spent with my family. I flew into Tampa to spend Christmas at my aunt and uncles house, since Christmas with my family just isnt Christmas without too many people and four dogs all running around the place and crashing into each other. There was the aforementioned week in Lake City with my dad, the time at home in Miramar with my mom and stepdad, visiting more family every two and a half seconds Oh, IAP. Thank you for existing. Anyway, I just flew back into Boston a few hours ago. When I left Fort Lauderdale this morning, it was eighty-four degrees out. (Twenty-nine celsius, if youre so inclined.) When I landed in Boston, it was anything but. Subtract sixty or so, and youll be in the ballpark of the right temperature. Surprisingly, this isnt as painful as I expected it to be. And if I repeat this sentence, it will eventually become the truth. And now Im back at Senior Haus. It feels great already Ive been part of a forty-minute impromptu dance party with Amy 10 and Hanna 10. Ive also walked to 7-11 in the biting cold like only a crazy person should. With things like these to do with my time, why do I still miss Florida? ^_^

The Effect of Daycare on the Parent-Child Relationship...

The parent-child relationship is crucial for both parties. Daycare centers are believed to often interfere with this vital relationship. I have chosen to explore the effects of daycare on the parent-child relationship. I have done this, in part, because I see this relationship on a frequent basis due to my employment at a daycare center. This topic is anthropologically interesting because the primary care givers of children are now often professional centers rather than family. When in the past, the child rearing was done by the child’s parents or close family. This new dimension of childhood care adds an interesting element to familial bonds and their strength, or lack of. Professional daycare centers are also a very debated and†¦show more content†¦The first type of relationship is the secure relationship, which is the strongest of the attachments. In this relationship, the child knows there is someone present when they need support. Adults build this relations hip by being consistent when they respond to a child’s needs. The second type of relationship is the avoidant relationships, which is not a secure relationship. In this relationship, children have learned that depending on their parents will not give them the secure feeling they desire. Children in these relationships to try to care for themselves and they often have behavioral issues. Another aspect of avoidant children is that they not bond well with childcare providers. Parents in these relationships often may not realize their child’s needs. This is why parents do not consistently met their child’s needs, not because they want to ignore their child. Ambivalent relationships are another insecure relationship. These children have learned that sometimes they get what they need and other times their needs are unmet. They often exhibit undesirable behavior to get their parents’ attention. Inconsistent responses from parents create this relationship. Disor ganized relationships are the final type of attachment relationship. Disorganized children do not know what to expect from their parents. Both parents and caregivers often misunderstand these children. Parents allow this relationship to develop by being unresponsive to theirShow MoreRelatedLevels Of Attachment And The Quality Of The Parent Child Relationship Essay1736 Words   |  7 Pagesare many studies focusing on levels of attachment and the quality of the parent-child relationship starting at birth and moving up through infancy. These studies have found that the infants involved in the study could be categorized as either having a secure or insecure attachment to their caregivers. Some children grow secure attachments with the caretaker from the daycare and thus have weaker relationships with their parents. Researchers have found that there could be variations on how critical theRead MoreChildren Develop A Sense Of Attachment And Behavior Affected By A Disconnect With Their Pa rents Essay1678 Words   |  7 Pagesform or another with those people whom they habitually encounter in their lives, such as their parents. A child’s attachment with their parents can be influenced in either a negative or a positive way, depending on various aspects of parent-child interaction. The question is, how exactly is a child’s early attachment and behavior affected by a disconnect with their parents caused by such things as daycare or distractions? Through much research and experimentation, it has been proven that there areRead MoreDoes Daycare Breed Bullies Essay1385 Words   |  6 PagesChild care has been a priority choice of many parents recent years. Mothers would rather go out for work and sent their child to daycare center than stay at home look after their child base on financial problems, psychological stress or any other reason. Early Child Care study is an important study to understand a child growing process. Many countries spend much effort in the study to ensure their future generation grow up in healthy and happiness. Early Child Care study can be started with childrensRead MoreVygotsky Theory, Social Learning Theory And Attachment Theory1486 Words   |  6 Pagesand Attachment Theory in a Daycare Setting With the increasing number of working parents, there is an increasing need for childcare. When being a stay-at-home parent or having a babysitter is not an option, many parents turn to daycares for the care of their children. However, finding the right daycare for their children is a challenge because they need to find the most suitable type of care that fits their child’s needs. In doing this, they have to consider a daycare that fosters the optimal developmentRead MoreEducating Students With Their Learning And Development Needs1064 Words   |  5 PagesPeople-Our Human Capital: The people employed at this daycare will be well trained in providing daycare assistance, and also child care development to effectively help our students with their learning and development needs. Our culture will foster a loving and caring environment that our people will display to help stimulate students openness to to learn and develop. In addition, with this type of culture our students will fe el comfortable with the teachers and will trust them. The staff will beRead MoreGuatemal A Country And Poor Country871 Words   |  4 Pagesquestions involving the relation that mothers have with the under nutrition of the children and if past generations can influence under nutrition. Furthermore, it will be examined what is traditionally given to kids at a daycare. Is there a correlation between the relationships that mothers have with their children’s under nutrition at an early age? Can the current situation of malnutrition have been influenced by past generations? Under nutrition is not only considered to begin at an advancedRead MoreRelationship Between Parents And Children978 Words   |  4 Pagesdysfunction is a key ingredient in the development of emotional deficits that turn into long-term social problems. Most experts feel that interactions between parents and children provide opportunities for children to acquire antisocial behavior problems. Reports show that kids with good lifestyles had warm relationships with their parents. Good parenting lowers the risk of delinquency even in high crime areas. The average American family is no longer what it once was which is effecting the up andRead MoreThe Problem Of Single Parents879 Words   |  4 Pages Single parents are more likely to have greater financial problems than a married couple. Single parents who work don t always have a family or a friend that can take care of their children s. Therefore, daycare is the only option when the child is too young for school. The cost of day care m ay take up, up to half of your paycheck. It becomes more difficult when you include your everyday needs, for example rent/mortgage, medical bills, gas, groceries and normal bills. Single parents need to makeRead MoreThe Effects Of Single Parenting1181 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 12 November 19, 2015 â€Å"The Effects of Single Parenting† A number of everyday struggles and disadvantages are experienced by single parent families today. Problems such as families have to face can range from expensive day care, economic hardship, even trouble in balancing both home and work, another problem is the ability to spend limited quality time with children. (Ambert, 2006). Single parent families can be defined as families that only have one parent taking care of the household. TheyRead More Daycare: The Effects On Children Essay2441 Words   |  10 Pageswomen with children aged younger than six are working or would like to be. Daycare is a necessity for the majority of working American mothers. Within the past 20 years child social developmentalists have accumulated evidence to show that unless children gain minimal social competence by the age of six years, they have a high probability of being at risk throughout life. (Denham amp; Burton, 1996) Thus peer relationships contribute a great deal to both social and cognitive development and to the

In Act 1 Scenes 5-7 of ‘Macbeth’, How Does Lady Macbeth...

Macbeth is a tragedy written by Shakespeare. at the start of the play Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s relationship is strong and that they see each other as partners â€Å"of greatness†. Although most of the blame is put onto Lady Macbeth by the audience, Macbeth already had ambition and was already thinking of murdering King Duncan. But how exactly did Lady Macbeth convince her husband to murder King Duncan? Before Macbeth returns home from battle Lady Macbeth is already outlining Macbeth’s flaws and voicing her concern that he is too good-hearted to commit the murder. After reading the letter from her husband, she says: â€Å"Yet do I fear thy nature, It is too full o’th’milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way†. This shows that she thinks†¦show more content†¦I would, while it was smiling in my face, have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums and dashed the brains out, had I so sworn as you have done to this.† She uses their baby to make Macbeth vulnerable to her control and this also makes Lady Macbeth seem cold and careless of her baby. She then continues to insult his masculinity: â€Å"When you durst do it, then you were a man† by saying this she is bullying Macbeth out of disagreeing with her. Lady Macbeth thinksShow MoreRelatedCharacters In Macbeth1057 Words   |  5 PagesFirst produced in 1606 and first published in 1623, Shakespeare’s Macbeth play is an English, drama-based play centered on tragedy in the eleventh century. Macbeth’s primary characters include: Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, King Duncan, Malcolm, Banquo, and Macduff. Other characters in the work include the Three Witches, Malcolm, Hecate, Fleance, Lennox, Ross, The Murderers, Porter, Lady Macduff, and Donalbain. The main setting of the play is in Scotland, along with some areas that are briefly in EnglandRead MoreEssay about Character Study of Lady Macbeth925 Words   |  4 PagesCharacter Study of Lady Macbeth Lady Macbeth comes into the play in act 1 scene 5, when Lady Macbeth is reading the letter from Macbeth. Lady Macbeth fears that Macbeth’s heart â€Å"is too full o’ th’ milk of human kindness†. She knows that her husband has is â€Å"not without ambition, but without the illness should attend it†. Lady Macbeth’s immediate response to the letter is the thought of killing the king. â€Å"Hie thee hither, that I may pour my spirits into thineRead MoreLady Macbeth: A Disturbed Character in William Shakespeare ´s Macbeth1467 Words   |  6 PagesThrough Lady Macbeths opening soliloquy in Act 1 Scene 5 she spontaneously gets portrayed as a disturbed character due to her treacherous and murderous planning she establishes after receiving the letter from Macbeth. This is noticeable when she says â€Å"the raven himself is hoarse that croaks the fatal entrances of Duncan under my battements† this signify that Lady Macbeth is steadfast to kill Duncan as she is aware that there is no other appropriate place to end Duncan then her own castle as no oneRead MoreEssay Lady Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth1403 Words   |  6 PagesLady Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth In act 1 scene, we see lady MacBeth reading a letter that her husband, MacBeth has sent her, it has been written as a soliloquy, she reads aloud to the audience how he has been given information about his future by a group of witches. MacBeth sent this letter to his wife quickly, he is was obviously pleased with the news and wanted her to know about it. This gives the audience the impression that Lady MacBeth was very dominantRead MoreMacbeth by William Shakespeare1154 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth is a play written by Shakespeare in the 1603; it is based on themes of ambition, power and authority. Macbeth is a tragic hero who becomes ‘Thane of Cawdor’ and meets three witches that predict he will become a king, which leads him to commit the regicide. Rupert Goold and many other directors have altered and interpreted Macbeth in many ways. In this essay I will compare and contrast the ways in which Lady Macbeth is presented in the original play and Gold’s 2010 film adaptation. ShakespeareRead MoreMacbeth Essay - the Similarities and Differences Between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth1843 Words   |  8 Pagescomparing Macbeth and Lady Macbeth to each other, the main similarity between them that must be mentioned is that they both have high ambitions for royalty and greatness. Beside the only one significant similarity, they also differ with two distinct differences. Throughout the play, they both portrayed as evil characters who have committed the deaths of other characters, however the driving force of their cruel behavior are totally different. The reason that leads Lady Macbeth to her menacing personalityRead MoreGender And Gender Roles In Shakespeares Macbeth880 Words   |  4 Pagesabout women that is portrayed in the play Macbeth? Does the play defy or conform to the gender norms? Macbeth Essay Assignment Gender Roles in Shakespeare’s Macbeth During the play of Macbeth, Shakespeare does defy gender norms. He portrays that the gender of a person does not define who they are and how they act and gender roles as not being a stereotype. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth both exhibit traits that are not the way males and females are â€Å"supposed† to act. Shakespeare proved that it is not trueRead MoreEssay The Relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth2391 Words   |  10 Pagesthis essay I will discuss the relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. I will explain how their relationship is different to traditional relationships of the time. At the time, Jacobean people believed that the men were stronger then the woman. They believed that, when married, the husband would be in control and the wife would have no choice but to do what their husband asked. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s relationship was every different. Macbeth was written between 1606 and 1611 by William ShakespeareRead MoreACT I Questions 1 Macbeth1082 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ACT I Questions 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the play opens, you find the witches casting spells, chanting Fair is foul,  and foul is fair./ Hover through the fog and filthy air.   This paradox will occur  many times in the play.   How can something be fair and foul at the same time? Situationally, I think this makes more sense when you consider it in the sense of an outcome. War can be foul, but the outcome fair†¦depending what side you are on. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The reader s first impression of Macbeth actuallyRead MoreLady Macbeth1937 Words   |  8 PagesLady Macbeth Essay I am going to do an essay on a play called Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare. The play is a tragedy, believed to have been written in 1611-12. The play is about a man named Macbeth whom, at first is a kind, tender man who later gets tempted by three foul witches to commit a murder in order to become king. Macbeth’s wife, Lady Macbeth is thrilled by the prophecies given by the witches and is eager for Macbeth to commit the murder. Macbeth disagrees with his wife greatly

The Fall of the Mayan Civilization Free Essays

The Fall of the Mayan Civilization Elizabeth Putman Professor Jennifer Adrienne Humanities 111 January 26, 2012 Mashkan-shapir was a typical Mesopotamian city, located about 20 miles from the Tigris River, and connected to the river by a network of canals. Despite a flourishing civilization, Mashkan-shapir was abandoned within only 20 years of its settlement. What could have caused this rapid demise? For decades, archaeologists have been searching for an explanation of the Maya collapse. We will write a custom essay sample on The Fall of the Mayan Civilization or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many theories have been put forward, ranging from conflict and invasion to migration, disease and over-farming. According to a study published in an issue of Science (March, 2003), a long period of dry climate, punctuated by three severe droughts, led to the end of the Maya society. Along with factors such as war and changes in the environment, irrigation techniques played an important role in Mashkan-shapir’s collapse. Yes, the same process that allowed farming in this region eventually made it impossible to farm leading to their devastation by starvation. Prolonged droughts also contributed to the lack of food and drinking water. The Mayan’s used irrigation for their crop production. Unfortunately, the rivers were higher than the surrounding plain, so water for irrigation flowed into the field by gravity. The fields were lower than the rivers, subsequently; the water sat in the field and was allowed to evaporate naturally. This led to erosion and the buildup of mineral salts. When mineral salts concentrate in the upper levels of the soil, it becomes toxic for plants. By 2300 B. C. , agricultural production in Mesopotamia was impossible. Many fields were abandoned as essentially useless. Mesopotamian cuneiform tablets tell of crop damage due to salts. Cecil, Jessica (2011) Decline of the Maya. http. www. history. com/topic/maya The majority of Mayan’s either migrated due to lack of food and water, or stayed and perished by dehydration and starvation. Only a fraction of the Maya people survived to resist the Spanish conquistadors in the 16th century. Yes, conflict was significant, as was disease, but I adamantly believe that the core problems was a prolonged drought along with inadequate irrigation techniques. Whatever the cause, the Maya did not die out entirely. Some two million are alive today, principally in the northern part of Yucatan and in Guatemala. References Thompson, J. , ; Eric, S. , Rise and fall of maya civilization. University of Oklahoma. Press, 1954. Norman, Ok. Unknown (2000). The Ancient Mayan Civilization. http://mayanarchaeology. tripod. com/id2. html Cecil, Jessica (2011). Decline of the maya. Retrieved January 24, 2012 from http:// www. history. com/topic/maya. Stuart, G. , ; Stuart, G. (1977). The Mysterious Maya. National Geographic Society, Washington, DC. Retrieved January 24, 2012 from http://www. nationalgeographic. com/inca/machu_picchu. html How to cite The Fall of the Mayan Civilization, Papers

Minimum Wage Regression Essay Research Paper Jadro free essay sample

Minimal Wage Regression Essay, Research Paper Jadro 1 John Jadro Webonomics Mr. Haessler 17 February 2000 Minimal Wage Arrested development The proposed addition in minimal pay will make a figure of things to the economic system. The greatest consequence it has will be on rising prices. There is a strong correlativity between rises in the lower limit pay, and raises in rising prices. We will write a custom essay sample on Minimum Wage Regression Essay Research Paper Jadro or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The consequence of raising the minimal pay on employment is really small. The correlativity between an addition in rising prices, and an addition in unemployment is weak besides. The strongest correlativity is between additions in minimal pay foretelling additions in rising prices. The equation for this is CPI= -25.9+38.8 lower limit pay. The R-sq value is 87.5 % , and the R-sq ( adj ) value is 86.8 % . This is cogent evidence of a strong relationship between the two variables. Additions in minimal pay predict additions in rising prices 86.8 % of the clip. When minimal pay is increased, it brings a rise in rising prices. There is more money put into the economic system with a minimal pay hiking, but rising prices counteracts this. As rising prices rises, the value of the dollar lessenings. There is really small net alteration. The correlativity between additions in minimal pay, and increased Jadro 2 lt ;< br /> unemployment is highly low. The equation that theoretical accounts this relationship is Unemployment= 9.75-.844 minimal pay. The R-sq value is 19.0 % , and the R-sq ( adj ) value is 14.7 % . This indicates a really lame correlativity. Increases in lower limit pay predict increased unemployment 14.7 % of the clip. Basically, increases in lower limit pay are a really inaccurate forecaster for an addition in unemployment. The proposed lower limit pay addition will hold about no consequence on unemployment harmonizing to this theoretical account. Raises in rising prices have a really weak correlativity to increased unemployment every bit good. The equation that theoretical accounts this fact is Unemployment= 9.30-.0227 CPI. The R-sq value is 23.6 % , and the R-sq ( adj ) value is 19.6 % . This indicates an addition of rising prices predicts an addition of unemployment 19.6 % of the clip. This, once more, is an inaccurate index. Increases in rising prices have about no consequence on unemployment, as shown by the theoretical account. These three relationships show a concatenation of events. When the lower limit pay is increased, rising prices will travel up every bit good. This does non needfully predict an addition in unemployment. An addition in rising prices does non needfully predict an addition in unemployment either. Basically, an addition in minimal pay will most likely predict an addition in rising prices.