Macroeconomics Is The Study Of Income And Production On...

Macroeconomics is the study of income and production on the national level. The economic problems of nations around the world are constantly in the news. A keen understanding of macroeconomics is required to adequately comprehend the impacts a nation’s decisions will have on its economy. In the global market of today, a country’s decision can have impact on the economies of many other nations. Macroeconomics is focused on the operation of a nation’s economy as a whole, and there are many types of data available for analysis. Economists use unemployment rates and cost, Consumer Price Index (CPI) and inflation, the rate of government tax revenue and spending, and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to determine the long run success or failure of a nation’s economic strategy. An important data point in macroeconomics is the unemployment of a given country. Unemployment is a lot more complicated than one might initially think. A nation’s unemployed work force is comprised those individuals currently unemployed and looking for work. Obviously, the employed work force is made of workers that currently working. These two groups represent the labor force of a nation. The labor force does not include members of the population that are too young to work or have retired. More importantly, the labor force does not include the members of a nation that are no longer looking for work due to the inability to find a job. These are referred to as discouraged workers and are treatedShow MoreRelatedExamples of Macro and Micro Economics840 Words   |  4 Pagesdistribution, allotment, production and consumption of resources. Economics has been divided into two significant branches; one of it being the microeconomics and the other one being the macroeconomics. Microeconomics can be easily understood through the term micro itself which means small, microeconomics focuses on small level that is to say it includes areas of individual decisio n making and its core components include production, exchange, distribution and consumption. Macroeconomics on the other handRead MoreEssay Keynesian Economics1662 Words   |  7 Pages Macroeconomics is the branch of economics concerned with the aggregate, or overall, economy. Macroeconomics deals with economic factors such as total national output and income, unemployment, balance of payments, and the rate of inflation. It is distinct from microeconomics, which is the study of the composition of output such as the supply and demand for individual goods and services, the way they are traded in markets, and the pattern of their relative prices. At the basis of macroeconomicsRead MoreThe Study of Macroeconomics1507 Words   |  7 PagesMacro †¢ Microeconomics – the study of how individual households and firms make decisions and how they interact with one another in markets. †¢ Macroeconomics – the study of the economy as a whole. – Its goal is to explain the economic changes that affect many households, firms, and markets at once. †¢ The Two Groups of Economists †¢ Macroeconomists †¢ Focus on the economy as a whole. †¢ Spend much time analyzing how total income changes and how changes in income cause changes in other modes ofRead More Impact of Macroeconomics on the Housing Industry Essay599 Words   |  3 Pagesbetter understand the real impact macroeconomics has in an economy or a particular industry, it is better to define what macroeconomics is and what it attempts to study. Contrary from microeconomics which studies the impact that individuals or companies have in a local economy, macroeconomics focuses on the behavior of the economy or industries as a whole, in a national or global perspective. (Investopedia.com, 2015) However, microeconomics and macroeconomics are interdependent and complement eachRead MoreA Report On The Supermarket Wars1211 Words   |  5 Pages The main purpose of this report is to make references to significant microeconomic models, in order to explain the supply, Demand, Market equilibrium, price discrimination, and Opportunity rate as well as making references to important macroeconomic aims which can be described with some examples such as growth, Inflation, Unemployment, GDP, exchange rates and many more, this two business economic topics are very relevant in today’s market as they represent the real-world meaning of the businessRead MoreObjectives of Macroeconomics1477 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction to Macroeconomics Chapter 1 Introduction to Macroeconomics 1.1 INTRODUCTION †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Economics is divided into two main branches: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Macro means large, and micro means small. 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Alternative Fuel Source Free Essays

Small individual differences in our lifestyle can add up to large changes in society. There are many automobile companies exploring different types of energy supplies other than gasoline. Conduct research on these alternative fuel sources for automobiles. We will write a custom essay sample on Alternative Fuel Source or any similar topic only for you Order Now Discuss one alternative to gasoline for automobiles. Give some detailed background information on the automobile model that uses an alternative fuel source and please answer the following. †¢Would you consider buying one of these in the future? Why or Why Not? Yes, maybe. If I had the money for one. A dedicated natural-gas vehicle, like the Civic Natural Gas, runs exclusively on clean-burning natural gas. This guarantees 100% alternative-fuel use. Some other natural-gas vehicles use a â€Å"bi-fuel† system that doesn’t offer the same economic and low-emissions benefits that a dedicated system offers. A bi-fuel vehicle has two different fuel tanks—one containing traditional gasoline, and the other utilizing an alternative fuel such as natural gas. ttp://automobiles. honda. com/civic-natural-gas/faq. aspx †¢How many gallons of gas would you save annually if you bought one of these vehicles? Weight-saving technologies, improved aerodynamics and engine modifications result in a new Civic Natural Gas with an impressive EPA rating of 27/38/31 miles per gallon (gasoline-gallon equivalent)[1]. The recent engine and transmission changes have another upside: an increased range of over 10 percent, up to 190 m iles. 1] 27 city/38 hwy/31 combined miles per gallon (gasoline-gallon equivalent). Based on 2012 EPA mileage estimates. Use for comparison purposes only. Do not compare to models before 2008. Your actual mileage will vary depending on how you drive and maintain your vehicle. Performance Features http://automobiles. honda. com/civic-natural-gas/performance. aspx †¢Why do you think there are not more of these vehicles in use? For one they cost to much. The price for one of these are $26,305 How to cite Alternative Fuel Source, Essay examples

Amphiphilic Based Lipid Nanocarriers in Drug Delivery System

Question: Discuss about theAmphiphilic Based Lipid Nanocarriers in Drug Delivery System. Answer: Background and Long-Term Objectives Poor penetration of the drugs with various compositions across the BBB (blood-brain barrier) is evident in the biomedical research. This impacted greatly the pharmaceutical interventions of various neurodegenerative disorders, brain tumours and impairment of the central nervous system (Gan et al., 2013). BBB is the main route for the therapeutic compounds targeted to the brain. But, majority of the neuro medicines, transporter ligands and hydrophilic molecules have less permeability across this region. Nanocarriers, especially amphiphilic based lipid nanocarriers provide unlimited therapeutic potential (Nicolas et al., 2013). Hence, this research would design and test the effectiveness of biodegradable nanocarriers that can carry both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drug components. Various drug delivery approaches have been designed in order to overcome BBB, for instance: modification of BBB functions, circumvention of BBB and modification of drug molecules. Invasive strategies used for drug delivery like intracerebral or intraventricular drug administration are highly effective in avoiding BBB. But, these processes also include certain limitations like infection risks (Kumari, Yadav Yadav, 2010). In case of non-invasive strategies such as drug administration via nasal pathway is also effective but limited distribution and low amount of drug delivery are the identified two major drawbacks (Yavlovich et al., 2010). In the present era, different nanotechnology platforms in medial biology field have obtained remarkable attention including both therapies and diagnostics. Innovatively designed multifunctional nanoparticles as drug carriers have impelled exponential development in medicinal application. The designs include liposomes, antibody-drug conjugates, dendrimers, and so on, which are based on exceptional assemblies of biological, natural or synthetic components. Mechanisms There are various types of targeting mechanisms demonstrated by the nanocarriers, like: active targeting, passive targeting, temperature specificity and pH specificity. Passive targeting is said to be the process where the nanocarriers travel down to a targeted system, suppose a tumour vascular system, become entrapped and accumulate within the target cells (Mura, Nicolas, Couvreur, 2013). The accumulation happens due to increased retention effect and permeability. Active targeting includes incorporation of target molecules like antibodies or ligands on the nanocarrierss surface, which are particular to certain cells of the system. Nanocarriers have higher ratio of surface area to volume that allow various ligands to attach to the surfaces (Nicolas et al., 2013). The targeting molecules allow the nanocarriers to penetrate directly across the cells. Certain nanocarriers only release drugs, which have specific pH ranges. The specificity of pH allows the nanocarriers to release drugs d irectly into the target site. Nanocarriers, which only liberate drugs at particular pH could therefore be applied to further release drugs in acidic environment. Some nanocarriers deliver drugs at particular temperature. It is evident that temperature of the tumour cells are higher (almost 40c) comparative to the rest of the system, which further enable to safeguard drug delivery at tumour-specific site. Recent Progresses and Specific Hypotheses Efflux pumps and interendothelial tight junctions are recognized as major limiting functions of the BBB that restrict drug penetration to the brain (Li et al., 2011). Hence, functional modification of the BBB is presently investigated. Drug penetration testing was done under strict ethical consideration that used cell culture model. Niosomes from the non-ionic surfactants have been designed that present amino acids, glucose analogues and BBB carrier ligands within the surfaces. Tissue distribution of the niosomes was assessed by using an in-vivo imaging system. The tissue was stained with Evans blue, an azo dye. Hypothesis: The amphiphilic based lipid nanocarriers are effective in drug delivery across the BBB by targeting the brain. Short-Term Goal of this Research Study: To alter the physio-chemical properties of the drug delivery molecules by increasing cationic charge or lipid solubility Maximization of lipid solubility could improve transport of a drug across BBB. This in turn could increase the uptake by the peripheral tissues. Further, sequestration within the capillary bed causes reduced concentration within the blood and the CNS. Non-ionic surfactant depended nanocarriers could demonstrate a versatile system. The size of the nanocarriers could be approximately between 50-200nm that have the capacity to entrap comparatively large amount of lipophilic and hydrophilic therapeutic agents. Such amphiphilic based lipid nanocarriers could protect encapsulated drugs from the gastrointestinal breakdown. These nanocarriers could be targeted in the brain by the surface alteration with the ligands for receptor proteins or BBB transporter. Nanocarriers that target the BBB receptors and physiological transporters can cross the endothelial cell layers of the brain. Long-Term Goals: Objective 1: To understand the mechanism of BBB (year 1 to 2) Transient rise of the permeability of BBB pathways and modifying efflux pump could improve drug delivery. Side-effects, safety and reversibility would be monitored continuously. BBB itself could act as the CNS drug source. If BBB becomes leaky, it allows immune cells entry to the CNS. Nevertheless, the immune cell passage across BBB is regulated and leakage acts as byproduct of the immune cells trafficking. The luminal surface does not necessitate passage across BBB and thereby, targeting peripheral tissues are highly effective to almost half of BBB. The luminal receptors, which stimulate endothelial cells of the brain are readily targetable. Objective 2: To understand uptake and diffusion of various nanocarriers along with ligand-receptor combinations across BBB (year 1 to 2) It is seen that intravenously administered niosomes that contain glucose analogue provide high fluorescent signals as a ligand within the brain tissue (Mura, Nicolas, Couvreur, 2013). This could be compared and checked in living mice model by incorporating non-targeted niosomes. Simultaneously, other forms of targeted nanocarriers like polymeric nanoparticles or liposomes could also be checked by using cell culture models of BBB. These nanocarriers would contain therapeutic drugs for instance curcumin as a load and would be introduced to various ligands, which would be attached to the surface in order to target receptors or BBB transporters. Impact of Proposed Research The incorporation of medicine and nanotechnology has given rise to major advancements, which have further improved medication administration of various diseases. The application of amphiphilic based lipid nanocarriers would improve delivery of drug to the brain by smoothly crossing the BBB. As medicinal transformation is becoming more advanced, utilization of amphiphilic based lipid nanocarriers would change and invalidate conventional treatment criteria. However, the researchers should be careful enough about reversibility, safety and side-effects of the innovative applications. References Gan, L., Wang, J., Jiang, M., Bartlett, H., Ouyang, D., Eperjesi, F., Gan, Y. (2013). Recent advances in topical ophthalmic drug delivery with lipid-based nanocarriers.Drug discovery today,18(5), 290-297. Kumari, A., Yadav, S. K., Yadav, S. C. (2010). Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles based drug delivery systems.Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces,75(1), 1-18. Li, X., Qian, Y., Liu, T., Hu, X., Zhang, G., You, Y., Liu, S. (2011). Amphiphilic multiarm star block copolymer-based multifunctional unimolecular micelles for cancer targeted drug delivery and MR imaging.Biomaterials,32(27), 6595-6605. Mura, S., Nicolas, J., Couvreur, P. (2013). Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug delivery.Nature materials,12(11), 991-1003. Nicolas, J., Mura, S., Brambilla, D., Mackiewicz, N., Couvreur, P. (2013). Design, functionalization strategies and biomedical applications of targeted biodegradable/biocompatible polymer-based nanocarriers for drug delivery.Chemical Society Reviews,42(3), 1147-1235. Yavlovich, A., Smith, B., Gupta, K., Blumenthal, R., Puri, A. (2010). Light-sensitive lipid-based nanoparticles for drug delivery: design principles and future considerations for biological applications.Molecular membrane biology,27(7), 364-381.